With the rising global incidence of cancer the importance of nutritional support in cancer treatment has become increasingly prominent. Sheep milk rich in lactoferrin conjugated linoleic acid medium-chain fatty acids and various bioactive peptides demonstrates significant antioxidant anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory effects showing potential in cancer therapy. Studies have shown that sheep milk slows tumor progression and alleviates treatment side effects through multiple mechanisms including inducing tumor cell apoptosis inhibiting cancer cell proliferation modulating gut microbiota and improving nutritional status. Extracellular vesicles and bioactive peptides derived from sheep milk also show new prospects in cancer drug delivery and photothermal therapy providing a potential pathway for precise cancer treatment. Some studies have also found that sheep milk may offer protective effects against complications arising during cancer therapy such as treatment - related anemia liver injury and cognitive dysfunction particularly by improving intestinal function and regulating oxidative stress. Although most studies focus on cell and animal experiments clinical research remains limited and the mechanisms of sheep milk 's complex components need further investigation. Future research should focus on clinical validation standardization of extraction processes and multi-omics analysis to provide theoretical support for the application of sheep milk in cancer treatment.