Objective To explore the effects and analysis of probiotics combined with low glycemic index GI and high-quality protein diet intervention on muscle mass fat mass and grip strength in obese patients. Method A total of 110 obese patients who attended the Department of Clinical Nutrition Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University from July to December 2024 were selected and randomly divided into an intervention group n = 55 and a control group n = 55 using the random number table method. All obese patients received an individualized low GI and high-quality protein diet which includes an energy intake of 20 kcal / kg·d energy ratio of 30% for protein 40% for carbohydrates and 30% for fat and dietary fiber intake of 14 g / d. The intervention group was given an additional probiotic preparation besides the dietary intervention for 8 weeks. The changes of body weight and body composition after the intervention were compared. All gastrointestinal adverse reactions were recorded. Result There was no significantly difference in body weight body mass index muscle mass and grip strength between the two groups at the baseline P > 0. 05 . After the intervention the body weight of both groups decreased P<0. 05 . The weight loss of the intervention group was -6. 14±4. 00 kg which was higher than that of the control group -4. 43±3. 19 kg P<0. 05 . Moreover the muscle loss in the intervention group was less than that in control group - 1. 35± 1. 48 kg vs - 2. 31± 1. 74 kg P < 0. 05 while the fat loss was greater. The analysis of both male and female subgroups showed a consistent muscle protection effect. Especially after the intervention the grip strength of females was significantly greater than that of control group P = 0. 032 . Probiotics can reduce the incidence of constipation during the intervention P = 0. 031 and there are no other serious adverse events. Conclusion The intervention of probiotics combined with a low-GI and high-quality protein diet can effectively reduce the weight body fat mass of obese patients and may protect the muscles and strength during the weight loss process through the gut-muscle axis.