Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. It is also one of the highest incidence, the highest mortality rate, the fastest growth rate and the worst prognosis malignancies. In many countries, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer have been significantly increased. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in men are the highest among all malignant tumors. The incidence of lung cancer ranks the second place with the second highest death rate. For more than ten years, liquid biopsy has become a hot spot in the precision medical care of lung cancer because of its small trauma, low cost and high sensitivity. At present, the application of liquid biopsy in precision medical care of lung cancer mainly includes the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and exosomes. Among them, CTCs is not only an effective method for early diagnosis of lung cancer, but also can be used as a potential prognostic indicator of lung cancer staging; ctDNA can not only serve as a feasible tool for the diagnosis of lung cancer, reference indicators for personalized treatment, but also as a tumor potential biomarkers help predict postoperative recurrence; exosomes are widely recognized as potential tumor biomarkers in the blood and are extremely important for the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of lung cancer, and may even be used as a treatment for lung cancer potential target. This article reviews the biological characteristics and clinical application of CTC, chloroplast DNA and exosomes based on different liquid biopsy biomarkers.