Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality. Its occurrence and development are jointly determined by genes, environment, lifestyle, and other factors. The occurrence of CRC is often accompanied by changes in the intestinal microenvironment. Dietary composition is an important factor in shaping the intestinal microenvironment. More and more studies have focused on the relationship between dietary pattern, dietary composition, and CRC. This paper first discusses the impact of different dietary patterns on the risk of colorectal cancer, and proves that the western diet may promote the occurrence of colorectal cancer, while the mediterranean diet, energy restriction diet, vegetarian diet, and ketogenic diet have certain prevention and intervention effects on colorectal cancer. Further analyzed how various dietary components indirectly affect the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer through direct action or by regulating intestinal flora. Polyphenols, carotenoids, and dietary fiber can maintain intestinal homeostasis, improve intestinal inflammation and oxidative stress, and reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. The absence or excess of specific dietary components changes the composition of intestinal microorganisms, inducing an increase in the abundance of cancer⁃related microorganisms, resulting in the accumulation of toxic metabolites, thereby promoting intestinal inflammation and the occurrence of tumors. Finally, this review proposes a set of individualized dietary intervention strategies for patients with colorectal cancer. Multiple omics methods such as metagenome, macrotranscriptome, and metabonomics are combined with artificial intelligence to analyze the composition and function abnormalities of patients′ gut microbiota, so as to design individual dietary patterns to realize accurate regulation of the intestinal flora of CRC patients.