The high mortality and poor prognosis of malignant tumors pose a serious threat to the postoperative health of cancer patients. Traditional treatments such as surgery radiation therapy and chemotherapy remain essential yet patients still face risks of tumor recurrence post-surgery alongside potential adverse effects on quality of life compromised physical functions and significant anxiety and depression. In this context exercise therapy has emerged as one of the most accessible and convenient measures to improve prognosis for cancer patients. Recent oncological rehabilitation guidelines frequently emphasize the importance of exercise therapy. Physical activity enhances cardiorespiratory function and protein synthesis improves physiological skills and increases physiological reserves. Moreover it helps regulate metabolism and immune balance creating an internal environment conducive to combating tumors. Whether patients are in the perioperative period undergoing radiotherapy or chemotherapy or dealing with conditions like cachexia or sarcopenia exercise therapy is a crucial rehabilitative approach. By selecting scientifically sound exercise protocols and controlling appropriate frequency and intensity significant improvements in nutritional status can be achieved. This aids patients in better completing their anti - tumor treatments reducing complications improving quality of life and even extending survival. This review summarizes the clinical advancements of exercise therapy in cancer patients.