Cancer-related anemia (CRA) is a kind of anemia caused by tumor-associated inflammation or tumor-related treatment that leads to myelosuppression (mainly radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Its frequency and severity depend on tumor type, tumor stage, duration of disease, and treatment status. The incidence of cancer-related anemia in China is 60.83% of which mild anemia 40.84%, moderate anemia 15.67%, severe anemia 3.47%, extremely severe anemia 0.84%. The higher morbidity of the tumor is gastrointestinal cancer, breast cancer and lung cancer. Cancer-related anemia adversely affects quality of life and is associated with reduced overall survival. The correction of anemia in cancer patients has the potential to improve treatment efficacy and increase survival. The pathogenesis of cancer-related anemia is multifactorial, and can be a direct result of cancer invasion (blood loss, marrow infiltration, hemolytic anemia, inflammation), or its treatment (radiotherapy and chemotherapy). Treatment should correct etiologic factors, whenever possible. Symptomatic treatments are red blood cell transfusions, administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and materials for hematopoiesis (iron, folic acid and Vitamin B12).