肺癌是目前世界范围内最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，同时也是发病率最高、死亡率最高、增长速度最快且预后最差 的恶性肿瘤之一。许多国家都报道肺癌的发病率和死亡率均明显增高，男性肺癌发病率和死亡率均占所有恶性肿瘤的第一位，女性发病率占第二位，死亡率占第二位。近十余年来，液体活检由于其具有创伤性小、费用低、敏感性高等优点，逐渐成为了肺癌精准医疗中的研究热点。目前液体活检在肺癌精准医疗中的应用主要包括CTCs、ctDNA和外泌体等的检测。其中，CTCs不仅是肺癌早期诊断的有效手段、对肺癌的分期有一定帮助,还可作为疾病潜在的预后指标；ctDNA不仅可以作为肺癌诊断的可行工具、个性化治疗的参考指标，还可作为肿瘤潜在的生物标志物，帮助预测患者术后的复发；而外泌体被广泛认为是血液中潜在的肿瘤生物标志物，对肺癌的早期诊断、治疗及预后判断极其重要，甚至可以作为肺癌治疗的潜在靶点。本文基于不同的液体活检生物标记物，就CTCs、ctDNA、外泌体的生物学特性及临床应用进行了综述。

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the world. It is also one of the highest incidence, the highest mortality rate, the fastest growth rate and the worst prognosis malignancies. In many countries, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer have been significantly increased. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer in men are the highest among all malignant tumors. The incidence of lung cancer ranks the second place with the second highest death rate. For more than ten years, liquid biopsy has become a hot spot in the precision medical care of lung cancer because of its small trauma, low cost and high sensitivity. At present, the application of liquid biopsy in precision medical care of lung cancer mainly includes the detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and exosomes. Among them, CTCs is not only an effective method for early diagnosis of lung cancer, but also can be used as a potential prognostic indicator of lung cancer staging; ctDNA can not only serve as a feasible tool for the diagnosis of lung cancer, reference indicators for personalized treatment, but also as a tumor potential biomarkers help predict postoperative recurrence; exosomes are widely recognized as potential tumor biomarkers in the blood and are extremely important for the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of lung cancer, and may even be used as a treatment for lung cancer potential target. This article reviews the biological characteristics and clinical application of CTC, chloroplast DNA and exosomes based on different liquid biopsy biomarkers.