阿尔茨海默病(AD)是全球主要的神经退行性疾病,也是认知障碍中最常见的类型。 目前,针对 AD 的可调节风险 因素尤其营养干预策略,在认知障碍防控中备受关注。 诸多针对膳食模式、营养素摄入、功能性营养食品与认知障碍预防及 AD 治疗之间的随机对照研究显示,营养对老年人认知功能维护疗效仍存争议,影响认知障碍有效防控措施的制订。 本文回 顾了各种膳食模式、关键营养素水平与补充、功能性食品中富含的营养成分与认知功能下降的关系,探讨了膳食模式、营养素 补充在 AD 防治中的可能作用及机制。 地中海饮食、MIND 饮食和生酮饮食等饮食模式,B 族维生素、维生素 D、维生素 E、ω-3 多不饱和脂肪酸、硒、锌等营养素,花青素、大豆异黄酮等功能性营养成分可能有助于降低认知衰退风险,尤其对 APOE ε4 携 带者具有额外保护作用。 未来还需要结合遗传、代谢等因素,加强长期随访,结合多组学数据,探索更精准的个性化营养干预 策略,优化认知管理,并为 AD 防控提供科学依据。

Alzheimer ' s disease AD is a major global neurodegenerative disease and the most common type of cognitive impairment. Currently modifiable risk factors for AD particularly nutritional interventions have attracted significant attention in the prevention and control of cognitive impairment. Numerous randomized controlled trials investigating the relationships between dietary patterns nutrient intake functional nutritional foods and cognitive impairment prevention or AD treatment indicate that the efficacy of nutrition in maintaining cognitive function in the elderly remains controversial posing challenges to establishing effective prevention measures. This review summarizes the associations between various dietary patterns key nutrient levels and supplementation functional food-derived bioactive compounds and cognitive decline. It explores the potential roles and mechanisms of dietary patterns and nutritional supplementation in AD prevention and treatment. Dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet MIND diet Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay and ketogenic diet as well as nutrients including B vitamins vitamin D vitamin E Omega-3 fatty acids selenium and zinc and functional bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins and soy isoflavones may help reduce the risk of cognitive decline offering additional protective effects particularly for APOEε4 carriers. Future research should integrate genetic and metabolic factors enhance long-term follow-up studies and leverage multi-omics data to explore more precise and personalized nutritional intervention strategies. This approach aims to optimize cognitive management and provide scientific evidence for AD prevention and control.