1.Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. The metabolism of tumors in the body. J Gen Physiol. 1927； 8（6）:519-530.
2.Pavlova NN, Thompson CB. The emerging hallmarks of cancer metabolism. Cell Metab. 2016；23（1）:27-47.
3.Shim H, Dolde C, Lewis BC, et al. c-Myc transactivation of LDH-A: implications for tumor metabolism and growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997； 94（13）:6658-6663.
4.Doherty JR, Cleveland JL. Targeting lactate metabolism for cancer therapeutics. J Clin Invest. 2013；123（9）:3685-3692.
5.Arseneault R, Chien A, Newington JT, et al. Attenuation of LDHA expression in cancer cells leads to redox-dependent alterations in cytoskeletal structure and cell migration. Cancer Lett. 2013；338（2）:255-266.
6.Le A, Cooper CR, Gouw AM, et al. Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A induces oxidative stress and inhibits tumor progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010；107（5）:2037-2042.
7.Faubert B, Li KY, Cai L, et al. Lactate metabolism in human lung tumors. Cell. 2017；171（2）:358-371.e9.
8.Chen YJ, Mahieu NG, Huang X, et al. Lactate metabolism is associated with mammalian mitochondria. Nat Chem Biol. 2016；12（11）:937-943.
9.Hui S, Ghergurovich JM, Morscher RJ, et al. Glucose feeds the TCA cycle via circulating lactate. Nature. 2017；551（7678）:115-118.
10.Thorrez L, Laudadio I, Van Deun K, et al. Tissue-specific disallowance of housekeeping genes: the other face of cell differentiation. Genome Res. 2011；21（1）:95-105.
11.Huang TL, Li T, Wang L, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma redirects to ketolysis for progression under nutrition deprivation stress. Cell Res. 2016；26（10）:1112-1130.
12.Camarero N, Mascaro C, Mayordomo C, et al. Ketogenic HMGCS2 is a c-Myc target gene expressed in differentiated cells of human colonic epithelium and down-regulated in colon cancer. Mol Cancer Res. 2006；4（9）:645-653.
13.Chen SW, Chou CT, Chang CC, et al. HMGCS2 enhances invasion and metastasis via direct interaction with PPARα to activate Src signaling in colorectal cancer and oral cancer. Oncotarget. 2017；8（14）:22460-22476.
14.Ananieva E. Targeting amino acid metabolism in cancer growth and anti-tumor immune response. World J Biol Chem. 2015；6（4）:281-289.
15.Crown SB, Marze N, Antoniewicz MR. Catabolism of branched-chain amino acids contributes significantly to synthesis of odd-chain and even-chain fatty acids in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. PLoS One. 2015；10（12）:e0145850.
16.Mayers JR, Torrence ME, Danai LV, et al. Tissue of origin dictates branched-chain amino acid metabolism in mutant Kras-driven cancers. Science. 2016；353（6304）:1161-1165.
17.Hattori A, Tsunoda M, Konuma T, et al. Cancer progression by reprogrammed BCAA metabolism in myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 2017；545（7655）:500-504.
18.Xue P, Zeng F, Duan Q, et al. BCKDK of BCAA catabolism cross-talking with the MAPK pathway promotes tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer. EBioMedicine. 2017；20:50-60.
19.Mayers JR, Vander Heiden MG. BCAT1 defines gliomas by IDH status. Nat Med. 2013；19（7）:816-817.
20.Tonjes M, Barbus S, Park YJ, et al. BCAT1 promotes cell proliferation through amino acid catabolism in gliomas carrying wild-type IDH1. Nat Med. 2013；19（7）:901-908.
21.Wang ZQ, Faddaoui A, Bachvarova M, et al. BCAT1 expression associates with ovarian cancer progression: possible implications in altered disease metabolism. Oncotarget. 2015；6（31）:31522-31543.
22.Zhang L, Han J. Branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 （BCAT1） promotes the growth of breast cancer cells through improving mTOR-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and function. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017；486（2）:224-231.
23.YH, Hu WJ, Chen BC, et al. BCAT1, a key prognostic predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma, promotes cell proliferation and induces chemoresistance to cisplatin. Liver Int. 2016；36（12）:1836-1847.
24.Kaelin WG Jr, McKnight SL. Influence of metabolism on epigenetics and disease. Cell. 2013；153（1）:56-69.
25.Wellen KE, Thompson CB. A two-way street: reciprocal regulation of metabolism and signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2012；13（4）:270-276.
26.Comerford SA, Huang Z, Du X, et al. Acetate dependence of tumors. Cell. 2014；159（7）:1591-1602.
27.Colegio OR, Chu NQ, Szabo AL, et al. Functional polarization of tumour-associated macrophages by tumour-derived lactic acid. Nature. 2014；513（7519）:559-563.
28.Lemke G, Lu Q. Macrophage regulation by Tyro 3 family receptors. Curr Opin Immunol. 2003；15（1）:31-36.
29.Lewis CE, De Palma M, Naldini L. Tie2-expressing monocytes and tumor angiogenesis: regulation by hypoxia and angiopoietin-2. Cancer Res. 2007；67（18）:8429-8432.
30.Ruan GX, Kazlauskas A. Lactate engages receptor tyrosine kinases Axl, Tie2, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 to activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and promote angiogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2013；288（29）:21161-21172.
31.Brand A, Singer K, Koehl GE, et al. LDHA-associated lactic acid production blunts tumor immunosurveillance by T and NK ells. Cell Metab. 2016；24（5）:657-671.
32.Husain Z, Huang Y, Seth P, et al. Tumor-derived lactate modifies antitumor immune response: effect on myeloid-derived suppressor cells and NK cells. J Immunol. 2013；191（3）:1486-1495.
33.Obermajer N, Wong JL, Edwards RP, et al. PGE（2）-driven induction and maintenance of cancer-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Immunol Invest. 2012；41（6-7）:635-657.
34.Yang W, Bai Y, XiongY, et al. Potentiating the antitumour response of CD8+ T cells by modulating cholesterol metabolism. Nature. 2016；531（7596）:651-655.
35.Baek AE, Yu YA, He S, et al. The cholesterol metabolite 27 hydroxycholesterol facilitates breast cancer metastasis through its actions on immune cells. Nat Commun. 2017；8（1）:864.
36.Zelenay S, van der Veen AG, Bottcher JP, et al. Cyclooxygenase-dependent tumor growth through evasion of immunity. Cell. 2015；162（6）:1257-1270.
37.Geiger R, Rieckmann JC, Wolf T, et al. L-arginine modulates T cell metabolism and enhances survival and anti-tumor activity. Cell. 2016；167（3）:829-842.e13.
38.Rath M, Müller I, Kropf P, et al. Metabolism via arginase or nitric oxide synthase: two competing arginine pathways in macrophages. Front Immunol. 2014；5:532.
39.Modolell M, Corraliza IM, Link F, et al. Reciprocal regulation of the nitric oxide synthase/arginase balance in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages by TH1 and TH2 cytokines. Eur J Immunol. 1995； 25（4）:1101-1104.
40.Chang CI, Liao JC, Kuo L. Macrophage arginase promotes tumor cell growth and suppresses nitric oxide-mediated tumor cytotoxicity. Cancer Res. 2001；61（3）:1100-1106.
41.Stuehr DJ, Nathan CF. Nitric oxide. A macrophage product responsible for cytostasis and respiratory inhibition in tumor target cells. J Exp Med. 1989； 169（5）:1543-1555.
42.Biswas SK, Sica A, Lewis CE. Plasticity of macrophage function during tumor progression: regulation by distinct molecular mechanisms. J Immunol. 2008；180（4）:2011-2017.
43.Sharda DR, Yu S, Ray M, et al. Regulation of macrophage arginase expression and tumor growth by the Ron receptor tyrosine kinase. J Immunol. 2011；187（5）:2181-2192.
44.Munn DH, Mellor AL. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tumor-induced tolerance. J Clin Invest. 2007；117（5）:1147-1154.
45.Mezrich JD, Fechner JH, Zhang X, et al. An interaction between kynurenine and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor can generate regulatory T cells. J Immunol. 2010；185（6）:3190-3198.
46.Favre D, Mold J, Hunt PW, et al. Tryptophan catabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 alters the balance of TH17 to regulatory T cells in HIV disease. Sci Transl Med. 2010；2（32）:32ra36.
47.Puccetti P, Fallarino F. Generation of T cell regulatory activity by plasmacytoid dendritic cells and tryptophan catabolism. Blood Cells Mol Dis. 2008；40（1）:101-105.
48.Palmieri EM, Menga A, Martin-Perez R, et al. Pharmacologic or genetic targeting of glutamine synthetase skews macrophages toward an m1-like phenotype and inhibits tumor metastasis. Cell Rep. 2017；20（7）:1654-1666.
49.Eng CH, Yu K, Lucas J, et al. Ammonia derived from glutaminolysis is a diffusible regulator of autophagy. Sci Signal. 2010；3（119）:ra31.
50.Ko YH, Lin Z, Flomenberg N, et al. Glutamine fuels a vicious cycle of autophagy in the tumor stroma and oxidative mitochondrial metabolism in epithelial cancer cells: implications for preventing chemotherapy resistance. Cancer Biol Ther. 2011；12（12）:1085-1097.
51.Sousa CM, Biancur DE, Wang X, et al. Pancreatic stellate cells support tumour metabolism through autophagic alanine secretion. Nature. 2016；536（7617）:479-483.
52.Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, et al. Ketone body utilization drives tumor growth and metastasis. Cell Cycle. 2012；11（21）:3964-3971.
53.Bonuccelli G, Tsirigos A, Whitaker-Menezes D, et al. Ketones and lactate “fuel” tumor growth and metastasis: evidence that epithelial cancer cells use oxidative mitochondrial metabolism. Cell Cycle. 2010；9（17）:3506-3514.
54.Pavlides S, Tsirigos A, Migneco G, et al. The autophagic tumor stroma model of cancer: role of oxidative stress and ketone production in fueling tumor cell metabolism. Cell Cycle. 2010；9（17）:3485-3505.
55.Shimazu T, Hirschey MD, Hua L, et al. SIRT3 deacetylates mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA synthase 2 and regulates ketone body production. Cell Metab. 2010；12（6）:654-661.
56.Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lin Z, Whitaker-Menezes D, et al. Ketone bodies and two-compartment tumor metabolism: stromal ketone production fuels mitochondrial biogenesis in epithelial cancer cells. Cell Cycle. 2012；11（21）:3956-3963.
57.Veech RL. The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: the effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004；70（3）:309-319.
58.Kwon Y, Godwin AK. Regulation of HGF and c-MET interaction in normal ovary and ovarian cancer. Reprod Sci. 2017；24（4）:494-501.
59.Yamada T, Matsumoto K, Wang W, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor reduces susceptibility to an irreversible epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor in EGFR-T790M mutant lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010；16（1）:174-183.
60.Meng Q, Xia C, Fang J, et al. Role of PI3K and AKT specific isoforms in ovarian cancer cell migration, invasion and proliferation through the p70S6K1 pathway. Cell Signal. 2006；18（12）:2262-2271.
61.Hwang CI, Choi J, Zhou Z, et al. MET-dependent cancer invasion may be preprogrammed by early alterations of p53-regulated feedforward loop and triggered by stromal cell-derived HGF. Cell Cycle. 2011；10（22）:3834-3840.
62.Shojaei F, Simmons BH, Lee JH, et al. HGF/c-Met pathway is one of the mediators of sunitinib-induced tumor cell type-dependent metastasis. Cancer Lett. 2012；320（1）:48-55.
63.Brauer HA, Makowski L, Hoadley KA, et al. Impact of tumor microenvironment and epithelial phenotypes on metabolism in breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013；19（3）:571-585.
64.Mira A, Morello V, Cespedes MV, et al. Stroma-derived HGF drives metabolic adaptation of colorectal cancer to angiogenesis inhibitors. Oncotarget. 2017；8（24）:38193-38213.
65.Chiavarina B, Whitaker-Menezes D, Migneco G, et al. HIF1-alpha functions as a tumor promoter in cancer associated fibroblasts, and as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer cells: autophagy drives compartment-specific oncogenesis. Cell Cycle. 2010；9（17）:3534-3551.
66.Salem AF, Howell A, Sartini M, et al. Downregulation of stromal BRCA1 drives breast cancer tumor growth via upregulation of HIF-1alpha, autophagy and ketone body production. Cell Cycle. 2012；11（22）:4167-4173.
