人类在出生时就接触了多种微生物，包括细菌、病毒、真菌、古核生物和原生动物。临床前和临床证据将微生物群及 其代谢物与肿瘤发生、发展联系起来。传统观念认为机体微生物平衡可以维护人体健康，而微生物多样性降低或功能失调会促 进疾病的发展，包括多种肿瘤。菌群失调的诱因包括遗传、环境（例如炎症、药物、饮食）或病原体感染等变化。然而，微生物失衡 是肿瘤发生发展的原因还是结果仍存在争议。因此，对微生物在肿瘤中的作用的探究需要一个整体的视角。目前，测序、成像和 传感技术在过去的几十年里一直不断在发展，产生了各种强大的测量技术，为研究人员探索肿瘤与微生物相互作用创造了机会， 这预示肿瘤微生物组学时代也已经到来。微生物相关的检测为肿瘤诊断提供了技术保障，然而，这些检测技术各有优劣，适用于 不同的应用领域。本文将从肿瘤微生物组成、微生物检测方法的进展及其在肿瘤诊断中的应用三个方面进行阐述，并对未来肿 瘤微生物菌群的研究进行展望。

Humans are exposed to a wide range of microorganisms at birth, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, protozoa, and helminths. Preclinical and clinical evidence has linked the microbiota and its metabolites to tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. The conventional concept is that organismal microbial homeostasis is positively correlated with health, while microbial diversity or dysfunction promotes the development of diseases, including various types of cancer. Causes of dysbacteriosis include changes in genetics, environment (e.g., inflammation, drugs, diet), or pathogenic infections. However, it remains controversial whether microbial imbalance is a cause or a consequence of tumor development. Therefore, the interrogation of the role of microorganisms in tumors requires a holistic perspective. In this review, we describe the composition of cancer microbiome, progress methods of microbial detection and their role in cancer diagnosis, and provide an outlook on future research on cancer microbiome.